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GNU text utilities

This manual documents version 2.0 of the GNU text utilities.

1. Introduction  Caveats, overview, and authors.
2. Common options  
3. Output of entire files  cat tac nl od
4. Formatting file contents  fmt pr fold
5. Output of parts of files  head tail split csplit
6. Summarizing files  wc sum cksum md5sum
7. Operating on sorted files  sort uniq comm ptx tsort
8. Operating on fields within a line  cut paste join
9. Operating on characters  tr expand unexpand
10. Opening the software toolbox  The software tools philosophy.
Index  General index.

 -- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Output of entire files

3.1 cat: Concatenate and write files  Concatenate and write files.
3.2 tac: Concatenate and write files in reverse  Concatenate and write files in reverse.
3.3 nl: Number lines and write files  Number lines and write files.
3.4 od: Write files in octal or other formats  Write files in octal or other formats.

Formatting file contents

4.1 fmt: Reformat paragraph text  Reformat paragraph text.
4.2 pr: Paginate or columnate files for printing  Paginate or columnate files for printing.
4.3 fold: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width  Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.

Output of parts of files

5.1 head: Output the first part of files  Output the first part of files.
5.2 tail: Output the last part of files  Output the last part of files.
5.3 split: Split a file into fixed-size pieces  Split a file into fixed-size pieces.
5.4 csplit: Split a file into context-determined pieces  Split a file into context-determined pieces.

Summarizing files

6.1 wc: Print byte, word, and line counts  Print byte, word, and line counts.
6.2 sum: Print checksum and block counts  Print checksum and block counts.
6.3 cksum: Print CRC checksum and byte counts  Print CRC checksum and byte counts.
6.4 md5sum: Print or check message-digests  Print or check message-digests.

Operating on sorted files

7.1 sort: Sort text files  Sort text files.
7.2 uniq: Uniquify files  Uniquify files.
7.3 comm: Compare two sorted files line by line  Compare two sorted files line by line.
7.5 ptx: Produce permuted indexes  Produce a permuted index of file contents.
7.4 tsort: Topological sort  Topological sort.

ptx: Produce permuted indexes

7.5.1 General options  Options which affect general program behavior.
7.5.2 Charset selection  Underlying character set considerations.
7.5.3 Word selection and input processing  Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection.
7.5.4 Output formatting  Types of output format, and sizing the fields.
7.5.5 The GNU extensions to ptx  

Operating on fields within a line

8.1 cut: Print selected parts of lines  Print selected parts of lines.
8.2 paste: Merge lines of files  Merge lines of files.
8.3 join: Join lines on a common field  Join lines on a common field.

Operating on characters

9.1 tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters  Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters.
9.2 expand: Convert tabs to spaces  Convert tabs to spaces.
9.3 unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs  Convert spaces to tabs.

tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

9.1.1 Specifying sets of characters  
9.1.2 Translating  Changing one characters to another.
9.1.3 Squeezing repeats and deleting  
9.1.4 Warning messages  

Opening the software toolbox

Toolbox introduction  
I/O redirection  
The who command  
The cut command  
The sort command  
The uniq command  
Putting the tools together  



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